Soma (Sanskrit), or Haoma (Avestan), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma-, was a ritual drink of importance among the early Indo-Iranians, and the later Vedic and greater Persian cultures. It is frequently mentioned in the Rigveda, which contains many hymns praising its energizing or intoxicating qualities. In the Avesta, Haoma has an entire Yasht dedicated to it. It is described as prepared by pressing juice from the stalks of a certain mountain plant, which has been variously hypothesized to be a psychedelic mushroom, cannabis, peganum harmala, or ephedra. In both Vedic and Zoroastrian tradition, the drink is identified with the plant, and also personified as a divinity, the three forming a religious or mythological unity. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Vedic Soma 2.1 In the Rigveda 2.2 In Hinduism 3 Avestan Haoma 4 Candidates for the Soma plant 5 References 6 External links [edit] Etymology Both Soma and the Avestan Haoma are derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma-. The name of the Scythian tribe Hauma-varga is related to the word, and probably connected with the ritual. The word is derived from an Indo-Iranian root *sav- (Sanskrit sav-) "to press", i.e. *sav-ma- is the drink prepared by pressing the stalks of a plant (cf. es-presso). The root is probably Proto-Indo-European (*sewh-), and also appears in son (from *suhnu-, "pressed out" i.e. "newly born"). [edit] Vedic Soma In the Vedas, Soma is portrayed as sacred and as a god (deva). The god, the drink and the plant probably referred to the same entity, or at least the differentiation was ambiguous. In this aspect, Soma is similar to the Greek ambrosia (cognate to amrita); it is what the gods drink, and what made them deities. Indra and Agni are portrayed as consuming Soma in copious quantities. The consumption of Soma by human beings, was probably under the belief that it bestowed them divine qualities. [edit] In the Rigveda The Rigveda (8.48.3, tr. Griffith) states, a apama somam amrta abhumaganma jyotir avidama devan c ki? nunam asman k??avad arati? kim u dhurtir am?ta martyasya We have drunk Soma and become immortal; we have attained the light, the Gods discovered. Now what may foeman's malice do to harm us? What, O Immortal, mortal man's deception? The Ninth Mandala of the Rigveda is known as the Soma Mandala. It consists entirely of hymns addressed to Soma Pavamana ("purified Soma"). The drink Soma was kept and distributed by the Gandharvas. The Rigveda associates the Sushoma, Arjikiya and other regions with Soma (e.g. 8.7.29; 8.64.10-11). Sharyanavat was possibly the name of a pond or lake on the banks of which Soma could be found. The plant is described as growing in the mountains (giristha, cf. Orestes), with long stalks, and of yellow or tawny (hari) colour. The drink is prepared by priests pounding the stalks with stones, an occupation that creates tapas (literally "heat", later referring to "spiritual excitement" in particular). The juice so gathered is mixed with other ingredients (including milk and honey) before it is drunk. Growing far away, in the mountains, Soma had to be purchased from travelling traders. This is connected with the Indo-Aryan migration model, i.e. the plant supposedly grew in the homeland of the Indo-Iranians, probably the Hindukush, but later migration to the Punjab removed them from the area of its occurrence, and it had to be imported. Later, knowledge of the plant was lost altogether, and Indian ritual reflects this, in expiatory prayers apologizing to the gods for the use of a substitute plant (e.g. rhubarb) because Soma had become unavailable. [edit] In Hinduism In Hindu art, the god Soma was depicted as a bull or bird, and sometimes as an embryo, but rarely as an adult human. In Hinduism, the god Soma evolved into a lunar deity, and became associated with the underworld. The moon is the cup from which the gods drink Soma, and so Soma became identified with the moon god Chandra. A waxing moon meant Soma was recreating himself, ready to be drunk again. Alternatively, Soma's twenty-seven wives were daughters of Daksha, who felt he paid too much attention to just one of his wives, Rohini. He cursed him to wither and die, but the wives intervened and the death became periodic and temporary, and is symbolized by the waxing and waning of the moon. The famous ayurvedic scholar Susruta wrote that the best Soma is found in the upper Indus and Kashmir region (Susruta Samhita: 537-538, SS.CS. 29.28-31). [edit] Avestan Haoma Main article: Haoma The continuing importance of Haoma in Zoroastrianism may be glimpsed from the Avesta (particularly in the Hom Yast, Yasna 9.11), and Avestan language *hauma also survived as middle Persian hom. The plant Haoma yielded the essential ingredient for the ritual drink, parahaoma. In the Hom yast of the Avesta, the Yazata (divine) Haoma appears to Zoroaster "at the time of pressing" (havani ratu) in the form of a beautiful man. Yasna 9.1 and 9.2 exhort him to gather and press Haoma plants. Haoma's epitheta include "the Golden-Green One" (zairi-, Sanskrit hari-), "righteous" (asavan-), "furthering righteousness" (asa-vazah-), and "of good wisdom" (hu.xratu-, Sanskrit sukratu-). In Yasna 9.22, Haoma grants "speed and strength to warriors, excellent and righteous sons to those giving birth, spiritual power and knowledge to those who apply themselves to the study of the nasks". As the religion's chief cult divinity he came to be perceived as its divine priest. In Yasna 9.26, Ahura Mazda is said to have invested him with the sacred girdle, and in Yasna 10.89, to have installed Haoma as the "swiftly sacrificing zaotar" (Sanskrit hotar) for himself and the Amesha Spenta. Haoma services were celebrated until the 1960s in a strongly conservative village near Yazd. [edit] Candidates for the Soma plant Main article: botanic identity of Soma-Haoma There has been much speculation as to the original Proto-Indo-Iranian Sauma plant. It was generally assumed to be hallucinogenic, based on RV 8.48 cited above. But note that this is the only evidence of hallucinogenic properties, in a book full of hymns to Soma. The typical description of Soma is associated with excitation and tapas. Soma is associated with the warrior-god Indra, and appears to have been drunk before battle. For these reasons, there are energizing plants as well as hallucinogenic plants among the candidates that have been suggested. In fact, several texts like the Atharva Veda extol the medicinal properties of Soma and he is regarded as the king of medicinal herbs (and also of the Brahmana class). Since the late 1700s, when Anquetil-Duperron and others made portions of the Avesta available to western scholarship, several scholars have sought a representative botanical equivalent of the haoma as described in the texts and as used in living Zoroastrian practice. Most of the proposals concentrated on either linguistic evidence or comparative pharmacology or reflected ritual use. Rarely were all three considered together, which usually resulted in such proposals being quickly rejected. In the late 19th century, the highly conservative Zoroastrians of Yazd (Iran) were found to use Ephedra (genus Ephedra), which was locally known as hum or homa and which they exported to the Indian Zoroastrians. (Aitchison, 1888) The plant, as Falk also established, requires a cool and dry climate, i.e. it does not grow in India (which is either too hot or too humid or both) but thrives in central Asia. Later, it was discovered that a number of Iranian languages and Persian dialects have hom or similar terms as the local name for some variant of Ephedra. Considered together, the linguistic and ritual evidence appeared to conclusively establish that haoma was some variant of Ephedra. [edit] References Jay, Mike: Blue Tide: The Search for Soma (Autonomedia 1999) Frawley David: The Rig Veda and the History of India, 2001.(Aditya Prakashan), ISBN 81-7742-039-9 Parpola, Asko, The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: Textual-linguistic and archaeological evidence, in: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia ed. G. Erdosy, de Gruyter (1995), 353–381. Nyberg, Harri, The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: The botanical evidence, in: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia ed. G. Erdosy, de Gruyter (1995), 382–406. Soma article from The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances by Richard Rudgley Little, Brown and Company (1998) (huxley.net) PBS Secrets of the Dead. Day of the Zulu (pbs.org). Retrieved Feb. 5, 2005. Susruta Samhita. Transl. Kunjalal Bhishagratna, Varanasi: Chowkhama Sanksrit Series. 1981. Bakels, C.C. 2003. “The contents of ceramic vessels in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, Turkmenistan.” Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. Vol. 9. Issue 1c (May 5) http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/ejvs0901/ejvs0901c.txt Swami Rama. Living with the Himalayan Masters. The Himalayan Institute Press. 1978. McDonald, A. A botanical perspective on the identity of soma (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) based on scriptural and iconographic records. Econmic Botany 2004;58:S147-S173 Soma This page contains drug information on Soma. The information provided includes the following: what is Soma the possible side effects of Soma what happens if you miss a dose of Soma what happens if you overdose with Soma the most important information about Soma how to use Soma other drugs that may affect Soma what to avoid while using Soma Generic Name: carisoprodol (kar eye soe PROE dole) Brand Names: Soma, Vanadom What is the most important information I should know about carisoprodol? • Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. • Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking carisoprodol. What is carisoprodol? • Carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant. It works by blocking nerve impulses (or pain sensations) that are sent to your brain. • Carisoprodol is used, along with rest and physical therapy, to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions. • Carisoprodol may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide. Who should not take carisoprodol? • Do not take carisoprodol if you have acute intermittent porphyria. • Before taking carisoprodol, tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease. You may need a lower dose or special monitoring during your therapy. • It is not known whether carisoprodol will harm an unborn baby. Do not take carisoprodol without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. • It is also not known whether carisoprodol passes into breast milk. Do not take carisoprodol without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. • Carisoprodol is not approved for use in children younger than 12 years of age. How should I take carisoprodol? • Take carisoprodol exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you. • Take each dose with a full glass of water. • The maximum amount of carisoprodol you should take in one day is 1,400 mg (4 tablets). • Store carisoprodol at room temperature away from moisture and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? • Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take only your next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose of this medication. Try to keep your doses at least 4 hours apart. What happens if I overdose? • Seek emergency medical attention. • Symptoms of a carisoprodol overdose include low blood pressure (weakness, fainting, confusion), decreased breathing, and unconsciousness. What should I avoid while taking carisoprodol? • Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. • Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking carisoprodol. What are the possible side effects of carisoprodol? • If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking carisoprodol and seek emergency medical attention: · an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); · paralysis (loss of feeling) or extreme weakness; · vision loss; or · agitation or tremor. • Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take carisoprodol and talk to your doctor if you experience · drowsiness or dizziness; · headache; · depression; · blurred vision; · insomnia; or · hiccups. • Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome. Soma Compound w/Codeine Tablets (carisoprodol, aspirin and codeine phosphate tablets, USP) carisoprodol 200 mg + aspirin 325 mg + codeine phosphate 16 mg--Warning: May be habit-forming TABLETS DESCRIPTION `Soma' Compound with Codeine is a combination product containing carisoprodol, a centrally-acting muscle relaxant, plus aspirin, an analgesic with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties and codeine phosphate, a centrally-acting narcotic analgesic. It is available as a two-layered, white and yellow, oval-shaped tablet for oral administration. Each tablet contains carisoprodol 200 mg, aspirin 325 mg, and codeine phosphate 16 mg. Chemically, carisoprodol is N-isopropyl-2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate. Its empirical formula is C 12 H 24 N 2 O 4 , with a molecular weight of 260.33. The structural formula is: Other ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, D&C Yellow #10, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium metabisulfite, starch, stearic acid. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Carisoprodol: Carisoprodol is a centrally-acting muscle relaxant that does not directly relax tense skeletal muscles in man. The mode of action of carisoprodol in relieving acute muscle spasm of local origin has not been clearly identified, but may be related to its sedative properties. In animals, carisoprodol has been shown to produce muscle relaxation by blocking interneuronal activity and depressing transmission of polysynaptic neurons in the spinal cord and in the descending reticular formation of the brain. The onset of action is rapid and lasts four to six hours. Carisoprodol is metabolized in the liver and is excreted by the kidneys. It is dialyzable by peritoneal and hemodialysis. Aspirin: Aspirin is a non-narcotic analgesic with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis appears to account for most of its anti-inflammatory and for at least part of its analgesic and antipyretic properties. Aspirin is rapidly absorbed and almost totally hydrolyzed to salicylic acid following oral administration. Although aspirin has a half-life of only about 15 minutes, the apparent biologic half-life of salicylic acid in the therapeutic plasma concentration range is between 6 and 12 hours. Salicylic acid is eliminated by renal excretion and by biotransformation to inactive metabolites. Clearance of salicylic acid in the high-dose range is sensitive to urinary pH (see Drug Interactions ) and is reduced by renal dysfunction. Codeine Phosphate: Codeine phosphate is a centrally-acting narcotic-analgesic. Its actions are qualitatively similar to morphine, but its potency is substantially less. Clinical studies have shown that combining aspirin and codeine produces a significant additive effect in analgesic efficacy. INDICATIONS AND USAGE `Soma' Compound with Codeine is indicated as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of pain, muscle spasm, and limited mobility associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions when the additional action of codeine is desired. CONTRAINDICATIONS Acute intermittent porphyria; bleeding disorders; allergic or idiosyncratic reactions to carisoprodol, aspirin, codeine, or related compounds. WARNINGS On very rare occasions, the first dose of carisoprodol has been followed by idiosyncratic reactions, with symptoms appearing within minutes or hours. These may include extreme weakness, transient quadriplegia, dizziness, ataxia, temporary loss of vision, diplopia, mydriasis, dysarthria, agitation, euphoria, confusion, and disorientation. Although symptoms usually subside over the course of the next several hours, discontinue `Soma' Compound with Codeine and initiate appropriate supportive and symptomatic therapy, which may include epinephrine and/or antihistamines. In severe cases, corticosteroids may be necessary. Severe reactions have been manifested by asthmatic episodes, fever, weakness, dizziness, angioneurotic edema, smarting eyes, hypotension, and anaphylactoid shock. The effects of carisoprodol with agents such as alcohol, other CNS depressants, or psychotropic drugs may be additive. Appropriate caution should be exercised with patients who take one or more of these agents simultaneously with Soma Compound with Codeine. Contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people. PRECAUTIONS General: To avoid excessive accumulation of carisoprodol, aspirin, or their metabolites, use `Soma' Compound with Codeine with caution in patients with compromised liver or kidney function, or in elderly or debilitated patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ). Use with caution in patients with history of gastritis or peptic ulcer, in patients on anticoagulant therapy, and in addiction-prone individuals. Information for Patients: Caution patients that this drug may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a motor vehicle or operating machinery. Caution patients with a predisposition for gastrointestinal bleeding that concomitant use of aspirin and alcohol may have an additive effect in this regard. Caution patients that dosage of medications used for gout, arthritis, or diabetes may have to be adjusted when aspirin is administered or discontinued (see Drug Interactions ). Drug Interactions: Clinically important interactions may occur when certain drugs are administered concomitantly with aspirin or aspirin-containing drugs. Oral Anticoagulants -- By interfering with platelet function or decreasing plasma prothrombin concentration, aspirin enhances the potential for bleeding in patients on anticoagulants. Methotrexate -- aspirin enhances the toxic effects of this drug. Probenecid and Sulfinpyrazone -- large doses of aspirin reduce the uricosuric effect of both drugs. Renal excretion of salicylate may also be reduced. Oral Antidiabetic Drugs -- enhancement of hypoglycemia may occur. Antacids -- to the extent that they raise urinary pH, antacids may substantially decrease plasma salicylate concentrations; conversely, their withdrawal can result in a substantial increase. Ammonium Chloride -- this and other drugs that acidify a relatively alkaline urine can elevate plasma salicylate concentrations. Ethyl Alcohol -- enhanced aspirin-induced fecal blood loss has been reported. Corticosteroids -- salicylate plasma levels may be decreased when adrenal corticosteroids are given, and may be increased substantially when they are discontinued. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: No long-term studies have been done with `Soma' Compound with Codeine. Pregnancy--Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C. Adequate animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with `Soma' Compound with Codeine. It is also not known whether `Soma' Compound with Codeine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. `Soma' Compound with Codeine should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. Studies in rodents have shown salicylates to be teratogenic when given in early gestation, and embryocidal when given in later gestation in doses considerably greater than usual therapeutic doses in humans. Studies in women who took aspirin during pregnancy have not demonstrated an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities in the offspring. Labor and Delivery: Ingestion of aspirin near term or prior to delivery may prolong delivery or lead to bleeding in mother, fetus, or neonate. Nursing Mothers: Carisoprodol is excreted in human milk in concentrations two-to-four times that in maternal plasma. Aspirin is excreted in human milk in moderate amounts and can produce a bleeding tendency in nursing infants. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of twelve have not been established. ADVERSE REACTIONS If severe reactions occur, discontinue `Soma' Compound with Codeine and initiate appropriate symptomatic and supportive therapy. The following side effects which have occurred with the administration of the individual ingredients alone may also occur with the combination. Carisoprodol: Central Nervous System --Drowsiness is the most frequent complaint and along with other CNS effects may require dosage reduction. Observed less frequently are dizziness, vertigo and ataxia. Tremor, agitation, irritability, headache, depressive reactions, syncope, and insomnia have been infrequent or rare. Idiosyncratic --Idiosyncratic reactions are very rare. They are usually seen within the period of the first to fourth dose in patients having had no previous contact with the drug (see WARNINGS ). Allergic --Skin rash, erythema multiforme, pruritus, eosinophilia, and fixed drug eruptions with cross-reaction to meprobamate have been reported. If allergic reactions occur, discontinue `Soma' Compound with Codeine and treat symptomatically. In evaluating possible allergic reactions, also consider allergy to excipients (information on excipients is available to physicians on request). Cardiovascular --Tachycardia, postural hypotension, and facial flushing. Gastrointestinal --Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and hiccup. Hematologic --No serious blood dyscrasias have been attributed to carisoprodol alone. Leukopenia and pancytopenia have been reported, very rarely, in situations in which other drugs or viral infections may have been responsible. Aspirin: The most common adverse reactions associated with the use of aspirin have been gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, gastritis, occult bleeding, constipation and diarrhea. Gastric erosion, angioedema, asthma, rash, pruritus and urticaria have been reported less commonly. Tinnitus is a sign of high serum salicylate levels (see OVERDOSAGE ). Aspirin Intolerance --Allergic type reactions in aspirin-sensitive individuals may involve the respiratory tract or the skin. Symptoms of the former range from rhinorrhea and shortness of breath to severe asthma, and the latter may consist of urticaria, edema, rash, or angioedema (giant hives). These may occur independently or in combination. Codeine Phosphate: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, miosis, sedation, and dizziness have been reported. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Controlled Substance: Schedule C-III (see PRECAUTIONS ). Abuse: In clinical use, abuse has been rare. Dependence: In clinical use, dependence with `Soma' Compound with Codeine has been rare and there have been no reports of significant abstinence signs. Nevertheless, the following information on the individual ingredients should be kept in mind. Carisoprodol --In dogs, no withdrawal symptoms occurred after abrupt cessation of carisoprodol from dosages as high as 1 gm/kg/day. In a study in man, abrupt cessation of 100 mg/kg/day (about five times the recommended daily adult dosage) was followed in some subjects by mild withdrawal symptoms such as abdominal cramps, insomnia, chills, headache, and nausea. Delirium and convulsions did not occur (see PRECAUTIONS ). Codeine Phosphate-- Drug dependence of the morphine type may result. OVERDOSAGE Signs and Symptoms: Any of the following which have been reported with the individual ingredients may occur and may be modified to a varying degree by the effects of the other ingredients present in `Soma' Compound with Codeine. Carisoprodol --Stupor, coma, shock, respiratory depression and, very rarely, death. Overdosage with carisoprodol in combination with alcohol, other CNS depressants, or psychotropic agents can have additive effects, even when one of the agents has been taken in the usually recommended dosage. Aspirin --Headache, tinnitus, hearing difficulty, dim vision, dizziness, lassitude, hyperpnea, rapid breathing, thirst, nausea, vomiting, sweating and occasionally diarrhea are characteristic of mild to moderate salicylate poisoning. Salicylate poisoning should be considered in children with symptoms of vomiting, hyperpnea, and hyperthermia. Hyperpnea is an early sign of salicylate poisoning, but dyspnea supervenes at plasma levels above 50 mg/dl. These respiratory changes eventually lead to serious acid-base disturbances. Metabolic acidosis is a constant finding in infants but occurs in older children only with severe poisoning; adults usually exhibit respiratory alkalosis initially and acidosis terminally. Other symptoms of severe salicylate poisoning include hyperthermia, dehydration, delirium, and mental disturbances. Skin eruptions, GI hemorrhage, or pulmonary edema are less common. Early CNS stimulation is replaced by increasing depression, stupor, and coma. Death is usually due to respiratory failure or cardiovascular collapse. Codeine Phosphate-- pinpoint pupils, CNS depression, coma, respiratory depression, and shock. Treatment: General --Provide symptomatic and supportive treatment, as indicated. Any drug remaining in the stomach should be removed using appropriate procedures and caution to protect the airway and prevent aspiration, especially in the stuporous or comatose patient. Incomplete gastric emptying with delayed absorption of carisoprodol has been reported as a cause for relapse. Should respiration or blood pressure become compromised, respiratory assistance, central nervous system stimulants, and pressor agents should be administered cautiously, as indicated. Carisoprodol --The following have been used successfully in overdosage with the related drug meprobamate: diuretics, osmotic (mannitol) diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ). Careful monitoring of urinary output is necessary and caution should be taken to avoid overhydration. Carisoprodol can be measured in biological fluid by gas chromatography (Douglas, J. F., et al: J Pharm Sci 58: 145, 1969). Aspirin --Since there are no specific antidotes for salicylate poisoning, the aim of treatment is to enhance elimination of salicylate and prevent or reduce further absorption; to correct any fluid, electrolyte or metabolic imbalance; and to provide general and cardiorespiratory support. If acidosis is present, intravenous sodium bicarbonate must be given, along with adequate hydration, until salicylate levels decrease to within the therapeutic range. To enhance elimination, forced diuresis and alkalinization of the urine may be beneficial. The need for hemoperfusion or hemodialysis is rare and should be used only when other measures have failed. Codeine Phosphate-- Narcotic antagonists, such as nalorphine and levallorphan, may be indicated. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Usual Adult Dosage: 1 or 2 tablets, four times daily. Not recommended for use in children under age twelve. HOW SUPPLIED `Soma' Compound with Codeine Tablets (carisoprodol, USP 200 mg, aspirin 325 mg, and codeine phosphate, USP 16 mg) are oval, convex, two-layered and inscribed on the white layer with SOMA CC and on the yellow layer with WALLACE 2403. The tablets are available in bottles of 100 (NDC 0037-2403-01). Storage: Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F). Protect from moisture. Dispense in a tight container. Wallace Pharmaceuticals MedPointe Healthcare Inc. Somerset, NJ 08873 IN-095E2-12 Rev. 9/93 Patent No. 4534974 PRODUCT PHOTO(S): NOTE: These photos can be used only for identification by shape, color, and imprint. They do not depict actual or relative size. The product samples shown here have been supplied by the manufacturer and reproduced in full color by PDR as a quick-reference identification aid. While every effort has been made to assure accurate reproduction, please remember that any visual identification should be considered preliminary. 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PHARMACY EDUCATORS TO RECEIVE PRESTIGIOUS AWARDS AT AACP ANNUAL MEETING Alexandria, Va. — The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) will present four pharmacy academicians with the Association’s most prestigious awards for their significant contributions to pharmacy education and their lifetime achievements in the pharmacy profession. They will receive their awards at the 2006 AACP Annual Meeting, Sailing Toward Our Future Success, in San Diego, Calif., July 8 to 12. Barbara G. Wells, Pharm.D., dean of The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, will receive the Robert K. Chalmers Distinguished Pharmacy Educator Award for excellence as an instructor, achievements as a researcher and scholar, and her overall impact on pharmacy education and the profession. The award is sponsored by Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the late Robert K. Chalmers, former AACP president and distinguished educator. The award consists of an inscribed Steuben Owl and a $12,500 prize. Wells has served as a valuable resource in pharmacy education, taking on leadership positions in various pharmacy associations. She served as the 2003–2004 AACP President, during which she focused the AACP agenda on leadership and initiated a multi-year initiative to bring faculty leadership development to the forefront. As part of this effort, Wells was instrumental in the implementation and creation of the Academic Leadership Fellows Program. Wells also served as the 2004–2005 American College of Clinical Pharmacy President. "I am humbled and deeply appreciative of this recognition by my peers. For anything that I have accomplished, I owe a debt of gratitude to my students, patients and colleagues for the trust they have placed in me and for affording me the opportunity to learn throughout my career,” Wells said. Wells received her B.S and Pharm.D. from The University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy. Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano, Ph.D., professor at the University of California at San Francisco School of Pharmacy, felt a “glow of appreciation and delight” upon hearing he was the recipient of the Volwiler Research Achievement Award. Sponsored by Abbott Laboratories, the award recognizes outstanding research by an individual holding a full-time appointment at a U.S. pharmacy school, and consists of a gold medal and a $12,500 cash prize. From California to Michigan to New Jersey, both community and faculty pharmacists can only provide positive accolade for Ortiz de Montellano’s contributions as an educator and scientist. “Paul’s immensely impressive publication record of nearly 300 original research papers attests to his extraordinary creativity and productivity. The impact of his career on the pharmaceutical sciences must be measured not only by specific research accomplishments, but also by his exceptional ability to communicate effectively with both students and scientific colleagues,” John A. Thompson, Ph.D., professor at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, said. He has contributed extensively to the pharmacy knowledge of drug metabolism by cytochrome P450 and related enzymes and to the understanding of toxicities that sometimes arise in drug metabolism. Ortiz de Montellano and colleagues are currently working on designing new drugs to treat tuberculosis which is reemerging as a disease difficult to control. He received his B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. The Rufus A. Lyman Award will be presented to Zubin H. Austin, Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Toronto Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, and Wendy C. Duncan-Hewitt, Ph.D., associate dean of education at Auburn University School of Pharmacy, for their manuscript, Pharmacy Schools as Expert Communities of Practice? A Proposal to Radically Restructure Pharmacy Education to Optimize Learning. The award recognizes the best paper that appears in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Merck & Company, Inc. sponsors the award that consists of an inscribed certificate and a monetary prize of $5,000, divided equally between both authors. The article examines the proposal that if pharmacy education is reconceptualized within a communities of practice framework, a collaborative educational strategy is revealed that can help the profession and its educational institutions deal successfully with many social and professional issues that have led to a foundering sense of shared identity and meaning. In particular, communities of practice will lead to increasing student and pharmacist expertise, expand and enrich the scientific basis for the paradigm of pharmaceutical care, and rationalize the division of labor and faculty workload in the professional program, significantly increasing faculty satisfaction and retention. Austin received his B.S. and M.B.A. from the University of Toronto and his Ph.D. from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. Duncan-Hewitt received her B.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. The winners will receive their awards and engage in a candid discussion on what qualities mark excellence in pharmacy education and research at the Examining Excellence Award Presentation on Sunday, July 9 from 3:00 to 4:30 p.m. CREDENTIALED REPORTERS WILL RECEIVE A COMPLEMENTARY PRESS PASS TO THE 2006 AACP ANNUAL MEETING. TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SPECIFIC SESSIONS AND SPEAKERS, PLEASE VISIT WWW.AACP.ORG/ANNUALMEETING06. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy is a national organization whose mission is to serve its member colleges, schools and their faculties by acting as their advocate on a national level. The Association is committed to education and scholarship for improving drug therapy. We partnered with drugstore.com to provide the best online pharmacy service. Receive the same private, safe, and secure service you'd expect from any Rite Aid store, plus: * Local pickup at any Rite Aid store. * Ready for you when you come in. * Free e-mail reminders "Homoeopathic remedies made by homoeopaths for homoeopaths." Helios is a company whose aims are to promote and stimulate healing and health using homoeopathy. Its many activities support the development of homoeopathy in remedy manufacture, treatment and education. Helios Pharmacy prepares remedies to traditional Hahnemannian standards both for practitioners and individuals as well as trade outlets and retailers worldwide, employing qualified homoeopaths to almost all of its staff positions. This provides a unique working environment with a high level of expertise both for remedy preparation and customer advice. Helios has a multidisciplinary clinic including five homoeopaths, a comprehensive mail order book department and also has personnel available for pharmacy tours, slide shows, talks and retailer training. For further information please use the drop down menus above to navigate through the site Helios Homoeopathic Pharmacy 97 Camden Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QR, UK. Telephone (01892) 536393 (24hr) / (01892) 537254 (9:45am-5:30pm) Fax (01892) 546850 What About the Potency Michelle Shine Teaches how to gauge an appropriate potency & dosage for your patient. Clear, sound, & plugs that gap in the college curriculum. Ј20.00 Buy - BK1028 Secret Lanthanides Jan Scholten Another brilliant exploration of a hidden aspect of the periodic table: these remedies are explored with Jan Scholten's characteristic thoroughness - in terms of their position in the periodic table, & their relationship with the themes of autonomy, power, the Self, the Shadow, & the Searcher (amongst other). It seems that these fascinating & most useful-sounding remedies may have a specific affinity with therapists in general, and homoeopaths in particular. Expand your prescribing repertoire! Ј35.00 Buy - BK1485 Homoeopathic Clinical Repertory 3rd Ed Robin Murphy Reorganised to be clearer & with additional chapters: (Cancer, Clinical, Fainting, Gallbladder, Speech, Spleen, Taste, Time, Vaccinations, Weakness); new rubrics & additions, mainly from Macrep/Ref. Wrks, but retain ing its alphabetical-clinical format for ease of reference. This is a MUST for all busy practitioners. Ј65.00 Buy - BK1483 Homoeopathic Medical Repertory 2nd Ed Robin Murphy Reduced to clearDesigned as a modern, easy to use reference guide to the vast homoeopathic literature available, Murphy's Repertory, (founded on all of Kent's and large sections of Knerr's repertories), is in alphabetical order.The result is a Repertory which contains 70 chapters; a word index; consistent formatting, (alphabetical chapters, rubrics and sub-rubrics); modern terminology; modern diseases ; 40,000 new rubrics; 200,000 new additions and up-dates; AND it comes in a (relatively) lightweight size. Ј49.99 Buy - BK107 Truly Divine R. Titchener If you'r e looking for a wonderful, transformational present for any occasion, this handbook, with its 56 full-colour photographic cards, offers inspiration & profound insight into the emotional, mental & spritual challenges facing us now. You don't need to take flower essences or understand anything about them to use & enjoy this beautiful book & cards. Open at random for understanding & information. Each card relates to a description of one of the 56 Heart Light essences. They can be used for meditation & deep insight, or as an aid to choosing an essence if you wish to work with one. Card spreads are suggested - but any favourite card spreads can give you insight from this set. For therapists or anyone working with essences, this book provides in-depth information on the Light Heart Essences, including: How they were made; ways of choosing & using them; a cross-reference index; a reading list and a dowsing chart. Ј18.99 Buy - BK1417 Mastering Homeopathy Jon Gamble Vey useful modern western therapeutics desk-top guide, describing the conditions, adjunctive treatments, and main remedies to try. Also gives cases.Invaluable. Ј17.50 Buy - BK1004 The Companion to Homeopathy Colin Griffith Cases, insights, miasms: an epic exploration of what it is to practise homoeopathy - with this very experienced and original-thinking homoeopath. Drawing from colourful figures throughout history, the arts, and from his own practice, he brings to life the tormented, brooding quality of Syphilis; the restless intensity of Tuberculosis; the split within Sycosis; the suppression of Cancer, and the isolation of Leprosy...Writing with a keen eye and a lively, engaging style, Colin brings to the sometimes stuffy atmosphere of homoeopathy a flair and verve for his subject absolutely guaranteed to keep you reading. Refreshingly and unusually well written. He includes information on immunisation and the use of mind-altering drugs; answers many of the questions about homoeopathy raised by patients, with examples and case histories, and addresses the role of the spirit, consciousness, and karma in healing. An essential reference tool for every practising homoeopath, student of homoeopathy, and interested patient. Homeopathy and the Chakras (CD set) Ian Watson Recorded seminar ( 1996 ) about Chakras & their significance: explained with Ian's usual clarity, humility, humour & wisdom. Each chakra and its significance within the whole is explored, together with suggestions for corresponding remedies, flower essences, meditative and/ or yogic and other exercises. It has Ian's hallmark of making it sound wonderfully clear and easy to use, and also brings his gift: a burning desire to get started on a new, radically different approach to disease and healing! Very informative, extremely interesting, and lively listening in the car, or elsewhere. Ј26.00 Buy - BK1437 Bitten in the Soul Massimo Mangliavori Fascinating insights into 6 spiders: Tarent-Hispania., Mygale-Lasiodora., Aranea Diadema., Theridion Curassavicum, Latrodectus Mactans, and Buthus Australis., The information, deriving from clinical experience of treating between 10 to 15 cases per spider, highlights the versatility of PSR ( People Requiring a Spider Remedy ). They have issues of control ( especially women over partners / food / sex ); Love of dancing and speediness of performance; a strong need of validation and approval; a frequently difficult history with an over- masculine, restrictive mothers giving rise to problems with food and nourishment - hence eating disorders - and body image issues. These are really useful, useable cases and descriptions of the remedies - placed within the context of modern psychological awareness. Ј35.99 Buy - BK1433 Merck Manual Paperback The most comprehensive, consumer-friendly, well cross referenced medical guide you could hope to find. Includes contributions from nearly 200 internationally respected medical experts; fully revised and offering the most up-dated and easy to understand information on almost every medical issue including: * AIDS * CANCER * EATINIG/DIGESTIVE/NUTRTIONAL DISORDERS * HEART DISEASE * MENTAL ILLNESS * PAEDIATRIC CARE * SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION * * TERMINAL ILLNESS * VIRUSES AND INFECTIONS * Features illustrations and diagrams, an A - Z listing of brand names and generic drugs, and an appendix of medical resources. Ј14.99 Buy - BK1426 Case Analysis and Prescribing Techniques Robin Murphy Transcript of lectures by Robin Murphy, covering many different methodologies & eventualities, including patients on allopathic drugs; AIDS; different prescribing and repertorisation techniques; isopathic, prophylactic, LM prescribing, and the vexed question of potency. Really relevant and useful. Ј12.95 Buy - BK1421 Repertory of the Elements Jan Scholten For Scholten users, here's a repertory based on his system. Ј29.99 Buy - BK1040 The Second Simillimum Broaden your mind with this quantum leap read and en route learn how a Mathematical formula + Love = a solution to HIV & AIDS. In Кthis astounding and Кvisionary work, Peter describes Кhow he has been able to help and even to cure some hopeless Aids cases, especially in Africa and Latin America. Care and Aid-workers here testify to the astonishing improvements in Кthe health and well-being of Кtheir Кcharges.Peter's change in consciousness led Кhim to explore the nature of treating a disease totality and to prepare a remedy or remedies ( available on the internet) to cover that disease totality. It may blow your mind, but it appears to work! Dr. John Bastyr ( Philosophy & Practice) Melanie Grimes He practised naturopathy & homoeopathy in Seattle for over 55 years. Read about his life, experience, & practical therapeutic tips: fascinating! Ј14.00 Buy - BK1429 The School of Pharmacy offers a four-year professional program of study leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree. This is preceded by a pre-professional program of not less than two years, making the study of pharmacy a six-year commitment. UW's pre-professional pharmacy program will give you a back-ground in general education, mathematics, communication, and the sciences necessary to enter into studies for our professional degree. Our professional program is designed to educate you as a pharmacy practitioner capable of providing primary pharmaceutical care in a rural/frontier environment. Our discipline is firmly based in pharmaceutical sciences, the pathology and physiology of disease, drug therapy, and the understanding of patients, as well as in the skills of critical thinking, decision-making, problem solving, and communication. Your final year will consist of practicums with pharmacy practice faculty and licensed preceptors at their practice sites. When you graduate from the program, you'll be eligible to take the state board of pharmacy examinations. The primary mission of the Board of Pharmacy is to promote, preserve, and protect the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of New Hampshire by fostering the provision of quality pharmaceutical care. The duties of the Board include the licensure of pharmacists, pharmacies, pharmacy technicians and public health clinics located in New Hampshire. The Board also licenses out-of-state mail-order pharmacies, as well as in-state and out-of-state pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, and distributors which ship prescription and/or controlled drugs and devices to/from New Hampshire. Other duties in which the Board is responsible include the investigation of pharmacy-related consumer complaints and incidents of prescription/controlled drug diversion. The Board continuously monitors the practice of pharmacy in New Hampshire through the ongoing inspection of pharmacies throughout the state in order to ensure that the citizens of New Hampshire continue to receive the safe, quality pharmaceutical care they have come to expect. 26 May 2006. SAPC publishes Code of Conduct for Pharmacists. The South African Pharmacy Council (SAPC) has published for comment, the Code of Conduct for pharmacists and other persons registered in terms of the Pharmacy Act in the Government Gazette (Board Notice nr 28873) on Friday, 26 May 2006. Interested parties are encouraged to submit written comments on the Code of Conduct. The closing date for comment is 26 June 2006. Read more Misuse and abuse of codeine-containing preparations. The Pharmacy Council would like to appeal to all pharmacists to assist in controlling this problem. Complying with legislative requirements, in particular those that require a pharmacist to intervene in the sale of Schedule 2 medicines will go a long way towards minimising the availability of abused medicines. Failure by pharmacists to apply proper discretion over the sale of such medication could well lead to such discretionary powers being removed by the regulatory authority. Read more High Court rules in favour of SAPC decision.The Cape High Court, on 7 April 2006, dismissed an appeal brought against the SA Pharmacy Council (SAPC) by Mr Riaan Simon, co-owner of Pharmasure Pharmacy in Vasco, contesting the decision to erase him from the Register of Pharmacists. Read more Appointment of SAPC president, Prof PFK Eagles as Non-Executive director of the New Clicks Group - Council's point of view. It is standard procedure for Council members to declare their interests at the start of each meeting. Prof Eagles declared his interest as a consultant to Clicks at the last Council meeting held on 22 & 23 February 2006 and no concern was raised by any Council member of the South African Pharmacy Council. All pharmacy technicians working in New Hampshire pharmacies must be registered with the Board of Pharmacy. A pharmacy technician is defined as a person employed by a pharmacy who may assist in performing (under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist) manipulative, nondiscretionary functions associated with the practice of pharmacy and other such duties and subject to such restrictions as the Board has specified. A supply of registration applications has been mailed to all NH pharmacies. A registration certificate will be issued, by the Board, to each registered technician. Certificates should be posted/kept on file in the area of the prescription department. For additional applications, please see the link below or call the Board office at (603) 271-2350. Rules Regarding Pharmacy Technicians In NH Pharmacy Tech Application (Adobe Acrobat ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pharmacy Technician Certification Prep Courses For information on training courses to help prepare for the National Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam, go to the NH Pharmacists Association's website: http://www.nhpharmacists.org -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pharmacy Technician Certification Board The Pharmacy Technician Certification Board was established in January 1995 through a year-long effort by the founding organizations - the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Illinois Council of Health-System Pharmacists (ICHP), and the Michigan Pharmacists Association (MPA) - to create one consolidated voluntary national certification program for pharmacy technicians. Tel. #: (202) 429-7576 Web Site: http://www.ptcb.org -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TechLectures.Com Click here to go to www.techlectures.com, a website offering continuing education programs specifically for the pharmacy technician and review workbooks/courses for the national pharmacy technician certification exam. The History of Pharmacy Museum at the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy grew out of the work of Jesse Hurlbut, a former Tucson pharmacist and state pharmacy board inspector, who meticulously collected pharmacy items from around Arizona and elsewhere in the West. The museum opened in 1966 in the old Pharmacy/Microbiology building on Main Campus and was moved to the current College of Pharmacy Building at the Arizona Health Sciences Center in 1982. Spanning all four floors of the Pharmacy building, the museum contains a collection of over 60,000 bottles, original drug containers, books, store fixtures, and artifacts from Arizona (circa 1880 to 1950), including several large drug store fixtures from Arizona's territorial days. The History of Pharmacy Museum is located in the College of Pharmacy building, 1703 E. Mabel (corner of Mabel and Warren), and is open Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission is free. For more information, please call (520) 626-1427. Get your prescriptions delivered directly to your home! The TRICARE Mail Order Pharmacy program (TMOP) is an easy and convenient way to get the medications you take regularly delivered directly to your home. Express Scripts, Inc. (ESI) manages your mail-order pharmacy program and provides customer assistance. Please note: If you are covered by other health insurance (OHI) with a pharmacy benefit, you may not use the TMOP. (Exceptions: Your OHI does not cover the medication needed or you have exceeded the dollar limit of coverage under the other plan.) Why Use the Mail-Order Pharmacy? Savings Get up to 3 times the quantity of medications for your money, compared to the same prescriptions at a retail pharmacy Safety Built-in safety features. Two pharmacists check your order and your order is verified with the DoD's pharmacy database. Convenience Avoid driving to a retail pharmacy and waiting in line. You can fill prescriptions by mail, phone, fax, or online-24 hours a day / 7 days a week. The Mail-Order Advantage Choose which medications to have home-delivered. No shipping and handling fees. Go on vacation and have your medications follow you. Get special handling for special medications. How to Use the Mail-Order Pharmacy Register Obtain a prescription Mail your Prescription, or Request that your provider fax in the prescription Contact TMOP/ESI TMOP FAQs Mail-order Pharmacy Fact Sheet, Brochure, and Other Printed Materials Personal Privacy and Prescription Information from ESI Prepharmacy Interested in qualifying to enroll in a college of pharmacy in the United States? This section will help you know about the prepharmacy requirements you need. It also will tell you more about the many roles pharmacists play in health care. PharmD If you want to enroll in the Doctor of Pharmacy program at The University of Arizona, this section explains the qualifications and application process. Residencies Pharmacists who wish to acquire further knowledge and experience in clinical pharmacy should consider a residency program after completion of the Doctor of Pharmacy degree. Explore this section for particulars about the residency programs administered by the College of Pharmacy. Continuing Education The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education recognizes our college as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. This section lists upcoming programs for pharmacists, scientists, experiential faculty and other professionals. CE events are also listed in the Calendar section for this Web site. Graduate (MS/PhD) Graduate programs in our college train scientists to identify, synthesize and develop drugs that will benefit mankind as well as understanding the molecular, cellular and organismal mechanisms of action of these and other drugs. The various tracks of study and application process are described in this section. PHILADELPHIA -- Two doctors helped peddle millions of dollars' worth of diet drugs through an online pharmacy, approving thousands of prescriptions without seeing anyone in person, according to charges filed Wednesday. By signing off on the orders, Doctors Ranvir Ahlawat and Steven Klinman helped RxMedicalOne.com take in $33.6 million in nine months, according to the indictment. What Readers Are Saying Your Comments On... Hormones As Dope "Whether he [Floyd Landis] accepted doped water from a fan or his sample was adulterated in order to spike *another* American victory for the 8th consectutive year, I believe there is enough doubt in there to call the labs out. A one day positive, for all the tests he passed, is clearly an outlier and does not fit the pattern." -- By "chambers14" • View, Add More Comments • Read the Story Well, Well, Well TV wrestling fans make dangerous dates...Toxic air freshener?...The clock ticks for men, too. Well, Well, Well: A Weekly Log of News and Notes E-Mail Newsletters Lean Plate Club: Build healthy living habits for the long haul, with recipes, exercise ideas and the latest dietary guidelines. See a Sample | Sign Up Now Keep up on the latest trends, news and research with L. Carol Ritchie's Parenting newsletter, delivered directly to your inbox each Tuesday. See a Sample | Sign Up Now Who's Blogging? Read what bloggers are saying about this article. wertex Brett Deimler. president of Deimler International, Inc. :: Main Page The Morning News Full List of Blogs (3 links) » Most Blogged About Articles On washingtonpost.com | On the web Save & Share Tag This Article Saving options 1. Save to description: Headline (required) Byline 2. Save to notes (255 character max): Blurb 3. Tag This Article Most of the orders were for highly addictive, controlled drugs, they said. "This is high-tech drug dealing," said U.S. Attorney Patrick Meehan. Ahlawat, 42, of Toms River, N.J., and Klinman, 57, of Elkins Park, Pa., reviewed the questionnaires customers sent in with their orders, prosecutors said. Ahlawat reviewed 1,000 to 1,500 a day at times. Their lawyers did not immediately return calls Wednesday. A message left after-hours with RxMedicalOne.com also went unreturned. Prosecutors said more people could be charged in the case. They said five doctors approved more than 350,000 prescriptions from September 2003 to May 2004, most for weight-loss drugs such as Phentermine and Adipex and sleep aids such as Ambien. The indictment also charges pharmacy operator Michael Bezonsky; pharmacist Alexander Atchildiev, who is accused of shipping the drugs without ensuring the prescriptions were valid; and Thomas Beaulieu, who helped Bezonsky run the business. "Fundamentally, the government's theory is that every prescription requires a face-to-face meeting with the equivalent of Dr. Welby, and that is out of step with the Internet world," said Bezonsky's lawyer, John M. Vandevelde. A lawyer for Atchildiev did not immediately return a call. Beaulieu's lawyer, Benjamin Gluck, said his client was charged under a statute in which criminal intent is not required. Since 2000, students nationwide seeking eventual licensure as pharmacists must earn a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree. Visit the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy site for more information on the education requirements for pharmacists. "Prepharmacy" is the designation given to the period of study before a student's admission to a PharmD or professional program at The University of Arizona College oPharmacy. To be eligible for admission to the PharmD (doctor of pharmacy) program, you must complete 67 units of prepharmacy coursework with a competitve GPA. Some students can complete these required units in two to three years. Candidates for the doctor of pharmacy program are selected on a competitive basis. Students admitted to the UA College of Pharmacy spend four years completing the PharmD program. For more information on UA advising for undergraduates interested in health careers The Pre-Health Professions Advising Center provides advising services to University of Arizona students in all majors planning to pursue a health profession. The center's advisors help students explore interests, skills, and goals and examine academic requirements for entrance to professional schools in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, public health, and all health related professions. Individual advising, workshops, and informational resources are available to students and alumni as they prepare for the health professional school admission process. Services include: Academic advising including assistance with interest assessment, major/minor exploration, and course selection to meet professional school admission requirements; Pre-Health professions general information sessions (on-line), workshops on professional school application procedures, and guest speakers from the health professions; A resource room and web references with information about options in the health professions, volunteer clinical opportunities, professional school programs, and admission criteria; A centralized disbursement service for professional school letters of recommendation . Students interested in a health related profession (except Pre-Nursing & Pre-Pharmacy students) must complete the online General Information Workshop. In nine states (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Washington and Vermont) women may now get Emergency Contraception (EC) directly from a pharmacy. 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Check it out! http://www.heavy.com Everything from home remedies to the latest breakthrough drugs are discussed on "The People's Pharmacy." Pharmacologist Joe Graedon and medical anthropologist Terry Graedon talk to leading experts to discuss issues relating to drugs, herbs, home remedies, vitamins and related health topics. Joe and Terry Graedon are the co-authors of the best-selling "People's Pharmacy" series of books. The Graedons also write a syndicated newspaper column, which is widely distributed in the US and abroad. For more, visit the people's pharmacy website. Here's the People's Pharmacy podcast. The Rx30 Pharmacy System provides your pharmacy incomparable Prescription Filling, Nursing Home, Consulting, Accounts Receivable, Workflow Management, Signature Capture, IV processing, Compounding, Integrated POS Solutions and an abundance of value-added vendor interfaces to provide you a total turnkey dispensing solution. Whether you are a small independent start-up filling 30 prescriptions a day or a 100+ independent chain operation filling 1500 prescriptions a day - Rx30 is the perfect solution! First Professional Degrees (B.S., B.Pharm, Pharm. D.) The Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, Bachelor of Pharmacy, or Doctor of Pharmacy degrees all qualify the recipient for entry-level positions. However, the Doctor of Pharmacy degree is often preferred for employment in hospitals. The two bachelor's degree programs generally require five years to compete, with the first two years being general academic requirements including college-level math, biological sciences, and chemistry. These requirements can sometimes be completed at community colleges, before entering the formal pharmacy program. The Doctor of Pharmacy program also has two years of pre-professional study, but it is followed by four years of professional study, with the fourth year being an opportunity for practice in a variety of settings. There are 81 colleges of pharmacy recognized by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (311 West Superior, Suite 512, Chicago IL 60610). Thirty-four of them require the Pharmacy College Admission Test(PCAT) for entrance. The exam is given three times a year, in November, February, and April. For more information about the PCAT, write to: Pharmacy College Admission Test The Psychological Corporation P.O. Box 91581 Chicago, IL 60693 Licensure In all states, licensure requires graduation from an accredited college of pharmacy, passing of a State board examination, and an internship of some sort. There is also a special exam for graduates of foreign pharmacy schools who wish to apply for state licensure in the United States. Information about the exam (Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination Information) is available free from: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 700 Busse Highway Park Ridge, IL 60068 Or at: http://www.nabp.net Information about the requirements for licensure in a particular state should be directed to the Board of Pharmacy of the state or to: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy 700 Busse Highway Park Ridge, Illinois 60068 Or at: http://www.nabp.net Residency Programs and Fellowships: Further training is possible in one or two-year residency programs in a particular area of pharmacy practice, or in pharmacy fellowships, individualized programs to train the participant to become an independent researcher. Graduate Study At least 70 colleges of pharmacy offer advanced study in one of the specialized areas of pharmacy, such as pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy administration. GRE and TOEFL are frequently required. Such programs lead to Master of Science or Ph.D. degrees, but not to eligibility for licensing as a pharmacist. The Pharmacy Pages offers the most convenient pharmacy search available on the web. Whether you need to find you local corner drugstore or search the many online pharmacies in our database, the Pharmacy Pages is your best source for information. From our database, you may get directions to the nearest drugstore or send an email to your pharmacist for information on prescription drugs or over-the-counter medicine. Quite often, your local pharmacy is the best place to shop for vitamins, herbs and supplements too! Support your local pharmacy, your pharmacist is there for you. 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(flunisolide-inhalation) Afrin (pseudoephedrine-oral) Afrinol (pseudoephedrine-oral) Agenerase (AMPRENAVIR/VITAMIN E CAPSULE-ORAL) Agenerase (AMPRENAVIR/VITAMIN E/PROPYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTION) Agenerase (amprenavir) Aggrastat (tirofiban-injectable) Aggrenox (aspirin-dipyridamole er-oral) Agrylin (anagrelide-oral) Airet (ALBUTEROL-INHALATION PRE-MIXED SOLUTION) AK-Cide (sulfacetamide/prednisolone-ophthalmic ointment) Ak-Con-A (naphazoline with pheniramine-ophthalmic) Ak-Spore HC (neomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin-hydrocortisone) AK-T-Caine PF (tetracaine ophthalmic drops) Ak-Tracin (bacitracin-ophthalmic) Akarpine (PILOCARPINE-OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION) Akne-Mycin (ERYTHROMYCIN-TOPICAL OINTMENT) Alamast (pemirolast-ophthalmic) alatrofloxacin-injection Alavert (LORATADINE DISPERSIBLE TABLET-ORAL) Alavert (loratadine) Albaform HC (clioquinol with hydrocortisone-topical) Albalon (naphazoline-ophthalmic) Albatussin (carbetapentane-chlorpheniramine-phenylephrine oral) Albatussin LA (carbetapentane-chlorpheniramine-phenylephrine susp) albendazole-oral Albenza (albendazole-oral) Albumin (albumin-injection) albumin-injection Albuminar (albumin-injection) albuterol albuterol and ipratropium inhaler ALBUTEROL AND IPRATROPIUM ORAL INHALER ALBUTEROL CAPSULES-INHALATION albuterol pediatric-inhalation pre-mixed solution ALBUTEROL-INHALATION PRE-MIXED SOLUTION ALBUTEROL-INHALATION SOLUTION Alcaine (proparacaine-ophthalmic) alcohol acetone-topical Aldactone (spironolactone) Aldactone (SPIRONOLACTONE-ORAL) Aldara (imiquimod-topical) aldesleukin ALDESLEUKIN-INJECTION Aldomet (methyldopa-oral) alefacept ALEFACEPT-INTRAMUSCULAR ALEFACEPT-INTRAVENOUS alemtuzumab-injectable alendronate ALENDRONATE 40 MG-ORAL ALENDRONATE 70 MG WEEKLY- ORAL SOLUTION ALENDRONATE WEEKLY-ORAL ALENDRONATE-ORAL Alert (caffeine tablets-oral) Aleve (NAPROXEN-ORAL) Aleve (naproxen) Alfenta (alfentanil-injection) alfentanil-injection Alferon N (INTERFERON ALFA(CON)-INJECTION) Alferon-N (interferon) alfuzosin ALFUZOSIN EXTENDED-RELEASE-ORAL alglucerase-injection Alinia (nitazoxanide-oral suspension) Alinia (nitazoxanide-oral tablet) alitretinoin gel-topical Alkeran (melphalan-oral) Allegra (FEXOFENADINE 180MG TABLET-ORAL) Allegra (FEXOFENADINE-ORAL) Allegra (fexofenadine) Allegra D (FEXOFENADINE /PSEUDOEPHEDRINE EXTENDED RELEASE) Allegra-D (fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine) Allerhist-1 (clemastine-oral tablet) allopurinol ALLOPURINOL SODIUM-INJECTION ALLOPURINOL-ORAL almotriptan-oral Alocril (nedocromil sodium-ophthalmic) Alomide (lodoxamide-ophthalmic) Aloprim (ALLOPURINOL SODIUM-INJECTION) alosetron ALOSETRON-ORAL Aloxi (palonosetron-injection) alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor-injection Alphagan (brimonidine) Alphagan P (BRIMONIDINE-OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION) Alphanate (antihemophilic factor, human-injection) Alphanine SD (factor IX, human-injection) alprazolam ALPRAZOLAM CONCENTRATE SOLUTION-ORAL ALPRAZOLAM EXTENDED RELEASE-ORAL Alprazolam Intensol (ALPRAZOLAM CONCENTRATE SOLUTION-ORAL) ALPRAZOLAM-ORAL alprostadil penile suppository alprostadil-injection alprostadil-intracavernosal Alrex (loteprednol-ophthalmic suspension) Altace (ramipril) Altace (RAMIPRIL-ORAL CAPSULE) Altaseptic (lidocaine spray-mucous membrane) alteplase ALTEPLASE FOR IV CATHETERS-INJECTABLE ALTEPLASE-INJECTION Alternagel (aluminum hydroxide suspension-oral) Altocor (LOVASTATIN EXTENDED RELEASE-ORAL) Altocor (lovastatin) Altoprev (LOVASTATIN EXTENDED RELEASE-ORAL) altretamine ALTRETAMINE-ORAL Alu-Cap (aluminum hydroxide-oral) Alu-Tab (aluminum hydroxide-oral) aluminum carbonate-oral aluminum chloride-topical solution aluminum hydroxide suspension-oral aluminum hydroxide-oral aluminum with magnesium hydroxide-oral aluminum withcalcium and magnesium (antacid) Alupent (metaproterenol-inhalation pre-mixed solution) Alupent (metaproterenol-inhalation solution) Am-Am amantadine AMANTADINE-ORAL Amaryl (glimepiride) Amaryl (GLIMEPIRIDE-ORAL) ambenonium-oral Ambien (ZOLPIDEM-ORAL) Ambien (zolpidem) Ambisome (amphotericin/lipid complex injection) Amen (MEDROXYPROGESTERONE-ORAL) Amerge (naratriptan-oral) Americaine (benzocaine-otic) Amevive (ALEFACEPT-INTRAVENOUS) Amevive (ALEFACEPT-INTRAMUSCULAR) Amevive (alefacept) Amicar (aminocaproic acid-oral) Amicar (aminocaproic acid-injection) Amidal (guaifenesin with phenylephrine-oral) Amidrine (acetaminophen-isometheptene-dichloralphenazone) amifostine-injection amikacin injection Amikin (amikacin injection) amiloride-oral amino acid-electrolytes-glycerin-injection amino acids-injection Amino-Cerv (propionate/amino acid/urea-vaginal) aminocaproic acid-injection aminocaproic acid-oral aminoglutethimide-oral aminolevulinic acid solution applicator aminophylline-injection aminophylline-rectal Aminosyn (amino acids-injection) amiodarone AMIODARONE-INJECTION AMIODARONE-ORAL amitriptyline amitriptyline w/ perphenazine-oral amitriptyline with chlordiazepoxide-oral amlexanox-mucous membrane amlodipine amlodipine and benazepril AMLODIPINE W/BENAZEPRIL-ORAL AMLODIPINE-ORAL amlodipine/atorvastatin-oral ammonium biphos-sodium biphos-sodium acid pyropho ammonium cl-phenylephrine-hydrocodone-pyrilamine ammonium lactate topical Amnesteem (ISOTRETINOIN-ORAL) Amoply (aromatic ammonia-inhalation) amoxicillin AMOXICILLIN 400 MG CHEWABLE TABLETS-ORAL amoxicillin and clavulanic acid AMOXICILLIN CHEWABLE TABLETS-ORAL AMOXICILLIN SUSPENSION 400MG-ORAL AMOXICILLIN SUSPENSION-ORAL AMOXICILLIN TABLET 875MG-ORAL AMOXICILLIN TABLETS-FOR ORAL SUSPENSION AMOXICILLIN-ORAL AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID 200MG CHEW TAB ORAL AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID 400MG CHEW TAB ORAL AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID CHEW TAB - ORAL AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID EXTENDED RELEASE TAB AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID SUSPENSION 600MG AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID SUSPENSION-ORAL AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 250MG/125MG AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 500MG/125MG AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 875MG/125MG Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN TABLET 875MG-ORAL) Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN SUSPENSION 400MG-ORAL) Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN SUSPENSION-ORAL) Amoxil (amoxicillin) Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN CHEWABLE TABLETS-ORAL) Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN-ORAL) Amoxil (AMOXICILLIN 400 MG CHEWABLE TABLETS-ORAL) amphetamine and dextroamphetamine AMPHETAMINE WITH DEXTROAMPHETAMINE-ORAL TABLET AMPHETAMINE-DEXTROAMPHETAMINE EXTENDED-RELEASE Amphocin (amphotericin injection) Amphojel (aluminum hydroxide-oral) Amphojel (aluminum hydroxide suspension-oral) Amphotec (amphotericin/lipid complex injection) amphotericin injection amphotericin suspension-oral amphotericin/lipid complex injection ampicillin AMPICILLIN WITH SULBACTAM-INJECTION AMPICILLIN WITH SULBACTAM-ORAL amprenavir AMPRENAVIR/VITAMIN E CAPSULE-ORAL AMPRENAVIR/VITAMIN E/PROPYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTION An-Ao Ana-Guard (epinephrine allergy syringe) Ana-Kit (epinephrine with chlorpheniramine allergy kit) Anabar (salicylamide/acetaminophen/phenyltoloxamine capsul) anabolic steroids-oral Anadrol (oxymetholone-oral) Anafranil (clomipramine-oral) anagrelide-oral anakinra ANAKINRA-INJECTABLE Analgesics, Antipyretics Anaprox (NAPROXEN-ORAL) Anaprox (naproxen) Anaspaz (hyoscyamine-oral) anastrozole-oral Ancobon (flucytosine-oral) Androderm (testosterone-transdermal) Androgel (testosterone gel-topical) Android (methyltestosterone-oral) Anexsia (hydrocodone/acetaminophen) Angiomax (bivalirudin-injectable) ANGIOTENSIN BLOCKERS W/HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ANGIOTENSIN BLOCKERS-ORAL ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers anileridine-oral tablet anisindione oral anistreplase-injection Ansaid (flurbiprofen) Antabuse (disulfiram-oral) Anthralin (anthralin topical) anthralin lotion (for scalp)-topical anthralin topical anti-inhibitor coagulant complex-injection antibacterials-ophthalmic, otic antibiotic combinations with hydrocortisone antibiotic with steroid-topical antibiotic-anesthetic-steroid-rectal ointment antibiotic/anesthetic/steroid-rectal anticholinergics-antispasmodics-oral antidiabetics-oral antidyskinetics-oral antifungals-topical antifungals-vaginal antifungals-vaginal (prefill syringe) antihemophilic factor, human-injection antihemophilic factor, porcine-injection antihemophilic factor, recombinant-injection antihistamines with decongestants-oral antihistamines-decongestants - oral long acting antihistamines-injection antihistamines-oral antihistamines-topical antipyrine with benzocaine-otic Antivert (meclizine) Antivert (MECLIZINE, CYCLIZINE-ORAL) Anturane (sulfinpyrazone) Anturane (SULFINPYRAZONE-ORAL) Anucort-HC (hydrocortisone-rectal suppository) Anusert HC-1 (hydrocortisone-rectal cream, ointment) Anusol-HC (hydrocortisone-rectal cream, ointment) Anusol-HC (hydrocortisone-rectal suppository) Anzemet (dolasetron-oral) Anzemet (dolasetron-injection) Ap-As APAP (ACETAMINOPHEN-ORAL) Aphrodyne (yohimbine-oral) Aphthalsol (amlexanox-mucous membrane) appetite suppressants-oral apraclonidine-ophthalmic drops 0.5% apraclonidine-ophthalmic drops 1 percent aprepitant-oral Apresazide (hydralazine with hctz-oral) Apresoline (hydralazine-oral) Aqua-Mephyton (vitamin k-injection) Aquachloral (chloral hydrate suppositories-rectal) Aquasol A (vitamin A-oral) Aquasol E (vitamin E-oral) Aralen (chloroquine-oral) Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa-injectable) Arava (LEFLUNOMIDE-ORAL) Arava (leflunomide) ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers) ardeparin- injection Aredia (pamidronate-injection) argatroban-injectable Aricept (DONEPEZIL-ORAL) Aricept (donepezil) Aricept ODT (donepezil) Arimidex (anastrozole-oral) aripiprazole ARIPIPRAZOLE-ORAL Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium-injectable) Arm-A-Med (metaproterenol-inhalation pre-mixed solution) Arm-A-Med (isoetharine-inhalation solution) Arm-A-Med (ALBUTEROL-INHALATION SOLUTION) arnica (Arnica montana)-topical Aromasin (exemestane-oral) aromatic ammonia-inhalation arsenic trioxide-injectable Arthrotec (DICLOFENAC W/MISOPROSTOL-ORAL TABLET) Arthrotec (diclofenac and misoprostol) Asacol (mesalamine) Asacol (MESALAMINE-TABLET) ascorbate calcium-oral ascorbic acid-oral Ascriptin (ASPIRIN-ORAL) ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)- oral asparaginase-injection Aspergum (aspirin gum-oral) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) Aspirin and Antiplatelet Medications ASPIRIN CHEWABLE-ORAL aspirin gum-oral Aspirin Therapy (Aspirin and Antiplatelet Medications) aspirin with meprobamate-oral aspirin-dipyridamole er-oral ASPIRIN-ORAL aspirin-rectal suppository Astelin (azelastine) Astelin (AZELASTINE NASAL) astemizole ASTEMIZOLE-ORAL At-Au Atacand (CANDESARTAN-ORAL) Atacand (candesartan) Atamet (levodopa with carbidopa-oral) Atarax (hydroxyzine) Atarin (acetaminophen-isometheptene-dichloralphenazone) atazanavir ATAZANAVIR-ORAL atenolol atenolol and chlorthalidone ATENOLOL-ORAL Atgam (lymphocyte immune globulin, anti-thymocyte (horse)) Ativan (LORAZEPAM INJECTION) Ativan (LORAZEPAM-ORAL) Ativan (lorazepam) atomoxetine ATOMOXETINE-ORAL atorvastatin ATORVASTATIN-ORAL atovaquone-oral suspension atovaquone-oral tablet atovaquone-proguanil-oral Atromid-S (clofibrate-oral) atropine (hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, phenobarbital) atropine sulfate ointment-ophthalmic atropine sulfate-ophthalmic atropine-oral Atropisol (atropine sulfate-ophthalmic) Atrovent (ipratropium bromide inhaler) Atrovent (ipratropium-inhalation solution) Atrovent (IPRATROPIUM NASAL INHALER, Atrovent) Atrovent (ipratropium-inhalation oral inhaler) attapulgite ATTAPULGITE-ORAL Atuss EX (guaifenesin with hydrocodone-oral) Atuss-12 DX (guaifenesin with dextromethorphan polistirex- oral) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID 200MG CHEW TAB ORAL) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID SUSPENSION-ORAL) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID 400MG CHEW TAB ORAL) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 250MG/125MG) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 875MG/125MG) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID CHEW TAB - ORAL) Augmentin (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID TABLET 500MG/125MG) Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) Augmentin ES-600 (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID SUSPENSION 600MG) Augmentin XR (AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULANIC ACID EXTENDED RELEASE TAB) Auralgan (antipyrine with benzocaine-otic) auranofin AURANOFIN-ORAL Auro (carbamide peroxide-otic) Aurodex (antipyrine with benzocaine-otic) Aurolate (gold sodium thiomalate-injection) aurothioglucose AUROTHIOGLUCOSE-INJECTION aurothiomalate Auroto (antipyrine with benzocaine-otic) Autoplex T (anti-inhibitor coagulant complex-injection) Av-Az Avage (tazarotene cream-topical) Avalide (irbesartan w/ hydrochlorothiazide-oral) Avandamet (rosiglitazone/metformin-oral) Avandia (ROSIGLITAZONE-ORAL) Avandia (rosiglitazone) Avapro (irbesartan) Avapro (IRBESARTAN-ORAL) Avar (sulfacetamide with sulfur-topical gel) Avar (sulfacetamide with sulfur-topical cleanser) Avastin (bevacizumab-injection) AVC (sulfanilamide-vaginal cream) AVC (sulfanilamide-vaginal suppository) Avelox (moxifloxacin-oral) Avelox IV (moxifloxacin-injectable) Aventyl (nortriptyline) Avinza (morphine extended-release capsules-oral) Avodart (dutasteride-oral) Avonex (INTERFERON BETA 1A-INJECTION) Avonex (interferon) Avonex (INTERFERON BETA-1A-PREFILLED INJ SYRINGE) Axert (almotriptan-oral) Axid (NIZATIDINE-ORAL) Axid (nizatidine) Axotal (butalbital with aspirin-oral) Aygestin (norethindrone-oral) Azactam (aztreonam-injection) azathioprine AZATHIOPRINE-INJECTION AZATHIOPRINE-ORAL azelaic acid cream-topical azelaic acid gel-topical azelastine AZELASTINE NASAL azelastine-ophthalmic drops Azelex (azelaic acid cream-topical) azithromycin AZITHROMYCIN 250/500MG TABLETS-ORAL AZITHROMYCIN 600MG TABLETS-ORAL AZITHROMYCIN CAPSULES-ORAL AZITHROMYCIN-INJECTION AZITHROMYCIN-ORAL POWDER PACKETS AZITHROMYCIN-ORAL SUSPENSION Azmacort (triamcinolone acetonide inhaler) Azo-Gantanol (sulfamethoxazole (smz) with phenazopyridine-oral) Azo-Gantrisin (sulfisoxazole with phenazopyridine-oral) Azopt (brinzolamide-ophthalmic suspension) aztreonam-injection Azulfidine (SULFASALAZINE-ORAL) Azulfidine (sulfasalazine) Unable to find the topic you are looking for? 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Who Is PharmaCare? PharmaCare is the leading specialized pharmacy providing care to thousands of individuals across the country living with challenging health conditions. We assist people with the emotional and physical demands of taking highly intensive therapies with knowledge, compassion, and individualized care. We offer the convenience of both home-delivery and walk-in service via a growing network of neighborhood locations. What Makes PharmaCare a Specialty Pharmacy? PharmaCare provides comprehensive pharmacy care to individuals on maintenance medications and other complex medication regimens. Our pharmacists are specially trained in high-risk conditions and highly skilled at helping you manage complex medication therapies. In addition, we offer a variety of advanced services such as medication adherence monitoring, expert medication counseling, and drug interaction monitoring. Is PharmaCare Right for Me? Each PharmaCare location is an important part of its community and we welcome all our neighbors to take advantage of our services. Our neighborhood pharmacies are especially valuable to those in the community who require the extra level of care provided by a specialty pharmacy. If you are not located near one of our neighborhood locations, or you prefer the added privacy and convenience of home-delivery, then one of our national home-delivery pharmacy programs may be right for you. In general, if you are receiving a complex medication regimen or require multiple maintenance medications, PharmaCare could be a valuable member of your health care team. For more information call us today at 1-800-238-7828 or complete our special questionnaire: Is PharmaCare right for me? Remember, while PharmaCare is able to serve most individuals living with a chronic health condition, you can learn more about what we can do for you by calling 1-800-238-7828. You may also stop by the PharmaCare location nearest you! Your Local PharmaCare Pharmacy Each PharmaCare location is a full-service pharmacy offering specialized pharmacy care designed to meet the challenging demands of your condition. We understand the value of building a 1 to 1 relationship with a local pharmacist who understands you and your needs. We continuously educate our pharmacists so that they can play an active role in your therapy and provide the information and support you expect. Each PharmaCare location is more than just a highly specialized pharmacy, it's a vital part of your community. Everything you need to help you feel your best PharmaCare is a full-service pharmacy with expert pharmacists offering specialized care designed to meet the specific demands of your condition. As America's largest specialty pharmacy, all of the following services are provided to PharmaCare clients at no additional charge : Hard To Find Medications. PharmaCare locations stock many hard to find medications and our pharmacists are familiar with their administration and side effects. A Full-Line of Complementary Products. In addition to prescription medications each location stocks a diverse supply of vitamins, supplements and nutritionals. Our pharmacists can assist you with selections and provide counseling on their use. 24-Hour Medication Counseling By Phone. Our pharmacists are available 7 days a week 24 hours a day to answer your questions. Drug Interaction and Compliance Monitoring. PharmaCare pharmacists provide individual support and guidance to help make it easier to take your medications as prescribed. Reimbursement Counseling. PharmaCare works with over 11,000 insurance plans, drug cards, Medicare, Medicaid, and AIDS drug assistance programs. Local Delivery Service. You have the option of having your medication delivered each month, when appropriate, making refills hassle-free. PharmaCare can provide you with a 30, 60, or 90 day supply of medications (as your coverage allows). Patient Education Materials. We are committed to helping you stay healthy. We regularly provide our exclusive wellness materials including and magazines. Support. In addition to medication counseling, we help you address financial and emotional issues, and to help identify tools to help you better cope with your condition. You will also benefit from the resources made available to you through this web site, including: timely news and clinical updates, selected articles from our LifeTIMES magazines, resource directories, and other wellness materials. As a pharmacy that specializes in chronic conditions, our web site offers visitors several disease-specific wellness centers with valuable online resources. To learn more about our specialized pharmacy services, visit the location nearest you, request a Free Information Kit, or call us today at 1-800-238-7828. Revised recognition process for overseas trained pharmacists The Council of Pharmacy Registering Authorities and the Australian Pharmacy Examining Council (APEC) have announced a revised recognition process for overseas trained pharmacists seeking registration in Australia. From 1 December 2006, all overseas trained pharmacists, irrespective of their country of origin, will be required to be assessed for competency to practise in Australia by undertaking a formal APEC process. A modified process will be introduced for eligible holders of qualifications from the UK, Ireland, USA and Canada. This will be a shortened process which will require passing a new examination known as Competency Assessment of Overseas Pharmacists (CAOP). CAOP will be offered four times a year in Australia and overseas. Succesfull applicants will be eligible for registration after they have satisfactorily completed a minimum period of four weeks supervised practice in Australia and have satisfied an assessment by the state registering authority. This will include a national examination of pharmacy law and ethics. Pharmacists from other countries will continue to be assessed by the current process, which includes formal examination, longer periods of supervised pratice and a final assessment of competency. New Zealand pharmacists will continue to be exempt from APEC requirements. New Zealand's educational qualifications are closely linked to Australia's through shared accreditation requirements and practice standards are similar. Michigan Board of Pharmacy Welcome to the Michigan Board of Pharmacy web site! Our goal is to provide up-to-date information on various topics related to the practice of pharmacy in Michigan. We hope you find this information helpful and invite you to check out our web site often. > More Licensing Information • Pharmacy 2006 Approved CE Programs • Pharmacy 2006 Board Meetings • Pharmacy Guidelines for the Use of Controlled Substances for the Treatment of Pain • Pharmacy 2005 Approved CE Programs • Pharmacy 2003 Approved CE Programs • Pharmacy 2004 Approved CE Programs • Public Health Code • Pharmacy CE Requirements • Explanation of Continuing Education Requirements • Internship Hours • Administrative Rules • Pharmacy NAPLEX Examination • Michigan Board of Pharmacy Members Frequently Asked Questions • If I have been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor, will this stop me from obtaining a Michigan license? • The application asks for the state(s) I have been licensed in and asks for the basis of licensure. What does that mean? What if I'm licensed in more than one state? Do you need verification from all states I have ever held a license in? • How long will you keep my licensure application on file? • How do I verify my Michigan license to another state? • Do I need to complete continuing education? • How can I change my name or address? • I need to verify whether someone has a license. How can I do that? • What happens if my license expires? • How long are the licenses issued for? Can I renew my license early? How will I know when I need to renew? • What is the purpose of the different types of applications? • How long does it take to process my application? • Is everything in my file complete? How can I find out what is missing? • How long does it take for your office to receive my correspondence? • I want to have Educational Testing Service (ETS) submit my TOEFL scores directly to the Board. What is the institutional code I need? • I work in more than one location. How can I have my license on display in all of my work areas? • I know that I have to do continuing education to renew my license. Since this is my first initial license and it's not for a full licensing period, do I need to complete CE's for my first renewal? • Can you give me information on my DEA license or how to get a DEA license? • Can I submit the renewal application for my controlled substance license before submitting the renewal for my professional license? • Can I pay for the renewal of both my professional license and the controlled substance license with the same check or money order? • Do I have to renew my controlled substance (CS)license if I am not currently living in Michigan and my professional license is active? Can I renew the CS license later, if I move back to Michigan? • My renewal date is coming up soon. I know that the license/registration will be valid until the expiration date after I renew. Since I will be moving next year, I only want to renew it for 1 year. Can I do that? • What if I don't earn enough continuing education credits? • How long do I need to keep my continuing education certificates? • Can I use any additional hours I earned over the required hours for the next renewal period? • Do I need to complete continuing education to renew my license? • Do I need to submit proof of my continuing education? Pharmacy Licensing Forms and Applications • Clinical Thermometer Certification Application • Physician Methadone Program Application • Sodium Pentobarbital Use Application • Controlled Substance Research License Application • Pharmacy Sign for Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine Products Now Available • Suspended/Revoked License Reinstatement Application Packet • Disciplinary Limited License Reclassification Application Packet • Preceptor Application • Miscellaneous Pharmacy Change Application • Drug Control Application • Drug Control Add'l Location Application • Pharmacist Relicensure Application Packet • Manufacturer/Wholesaler Application Packet • Controlled Substance Additional Location License Application • Pharmacist Ed. Lmt.(Intern)Application Packet • Controlled Substance License Application • Pharmacy Application Packet • Pharmacist Application Packet • Pharmacy CE Program Sponsor Application • RENEWAL-License Renewal Application • Data Change/Duplicate License Request Form Accredited Professional Programs of Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy ACPE is the sole accreditation agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education to accredit professional degree programs in pharmacy and, therefore, ACPE's directory is the only directory of accredited professional degree programs in pharmacy recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. The dates indicated below the programs represent the academic year of the most recent review and the academic year for the next currently scheduled review or consideration of accreditation, respectively. A review, as stated herein, usually refers to an on-site evaluation, but may refer to and be based upon a written report from the institution as requested by ACPE. University of Iowa College of Pharmacy 115 South Grand Avenue Iowa City, IA 52242 Jordan Cohen, PhD Dean Tel: 319-335-8794 FAX: 319-353-5594 E-Mail: jordan-cohen@uiowa.edu Web Site: http://pharmacy.uiowa.edu/ Doctor of Pharmacy (2003-2004; 2009-2010) KANSAS University of Kansas School of Pharmacy 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive Room 2056 Malott Hall Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 Kenneth Audus, PhD Dean Tel: 785-864-3591 FAX: 785-864-5265 E-Mail: audus@ku.edu Web Site: www.pharm.ukans.edu/dean/index.htm Doctor of Pharmacy (2001-2002; 2007-2008) KENTUCKY University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy 725 Rose Street, Suite 327 Lexington , KY 40536-0082 Kenneth Roberts, PhD Dean Tel: 859-323-7601 FAX: 859-257-2128 E-Mail: krobe2@pop.uky.edu Web Site: www.uky.edu/Pharmacy/ Doctor of Pharmacy (2003-2004; 2009-2010) LOUISIANA University of Louisiana at Monroe College of Pharmacy 700 University Avenue Monroe, LA 71209-0400 F. Lamar Pritchard, PhD Dean Tel: (318) 342-1600 FAX: (318) 342-1606 E-Mail: pritchard@ulm.edu Web Site: www.ulm.edu Doctor of Pharmacy (2001-2002; 2006-2007) Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy #1 Drexel Drive New Orleans, LA 70125 Wayne Harris, BS, MS, PhD Professor and Dean Tel: 504-520-7421 FAX: 504-520-7930 E-Mail: wharris@xula.edu Web Site: www.xula.edu/pharmacy Doctor of Pharmacy (2004-2005; 2006-2007) MARYLAND University of Maryland School of Pharmacy 20 North Pine Street Room 730 Baltimore, MD 21201-1180 David Knapp, PhD Dean Tel: 410-706-7651 FAX: 410-706-4012 E-Mail: dknapp@rx.umaryland.edu Web Site: www.pharmacy.umaryland.edu Doctor of Pharmacy (2005-2006; 2011-2012) MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences School of Pharmacy-Worcester 19 Foster Street Suite 400 Worcester, MA 01608 Michael Malloy, PharmD Dean Tel: 508-890-8855*1911 FAX: 508-890-8515 E-Mail: michael.malloy@wor.mcphs.edu Web Site: http://www.mcphs.edu/ Doctor of Pharmacy (2002-2003; 2006-2007) Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences School of Pharmacy-Boston 179 Longwood Avenue Boston, MA 02115 Douglas Pisano, PhD, RPh Dean Tel: 617-732-2781 FAX: 617-735-1082 E-Mail: douglas.pisano@bos.mcphs.edu Web Site: http:// www.mcphs.edu/ Doctor of Pharmacy (2003-2004; 2009-2010) Northeastern University Bouve College of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy 360 Huntington Avenue 206 Mugar Boston , MA 02115 John R. Reynolds, PharmD Interim Dean Tel: 617-373-3380 FAX: 617-373-7655 E-Mail: j.reynolds@neu.edu Web Site: www.bouve.neu.edu/pharmacy Doctor of Pharmacy (2002-2003; 2008-2009) MICHIGAN Formulary These are the brand name and generic drugs covered under the Commercial and Salud! Health Plans. PHP Formularies by Alphabetical listing PHP Formularies by Therapeutic class For Patients Find a Pharmacy - Please log into Pres Online and click on RxPortal in the Pharmacy Information Section. Maps and hours of Presbyterian pharmacies in Albuquerque Addresses and phone numbers of all pharmacies for Presbyterian patients Get your prescriptions delivered to your home with Walgreens Mail Service. Need a prescription refill? Order your refills via mail order 24 hours a day, seven days a week for delivery within 2 weeks. New prescription? These forms are in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format: Walgreens Mail Service: Pharmacy Tips Consejos Sobre el Servicio por Correo de Farmacia Registration and Prescription Order Form Formulario de Inscripcion y Orden Para Surtir Recetas Fax Order Form Formato para Ordenes por Fax Member Reimbursement Form For Pharmacists and other Healthcare Providers Payer Sheet for Pharmacies Adverse Drug Event Form (ADE) e-Pocrates - Access PHP formularies on your handheld device Micromedex Professional links Dosage guidelines for patients with compromised renal function. Presbyterian Health Plan Prior Authorization Criteria and Forms Request an addition to the Presbyterian Health Plan formulary Presbyterian Hospital Pharmacy Request an addition to the Presbyterian Hospital formulary Pharmacy Residency Program Pharmacy Practice Residency Program information Grievance and Appeals Presbyterian Health Plan welcomes feedback from our providers. File an "Appeal or Grievance" online. Please remember that a provider/practitioner has 1 year (12 months) from the date of service to file an appeal. Fraud and Abuse The Presbyterian Health Plan and Presbyterian Insurance Company's Special Investigative Unit (SIU) is responsible for the detection, investigation and reporting of potential fraud and abuse activity. We are required to cooperate with regulatory and law enforcement agencies in reporting any activity that appears to be suspicious in nature. According to the law, any information that we have concerning Careers in pharmacy A pharmacist is the member of the health team who knows most about all aspects of medicines. One of the most important advances in health care has been the development of highly specific and effective medicines - medicines that have virtually eliminated some diseases which were major killers in the recent past, and that have reduced the impact of many others. Pharmacists are the profession legally responsible for the supply of medicines. Their clinical role is concerned with medicines management, which seeks to improve health through the best use of medicines. Pharmacists work in community pharmacies, GPs surgeries, hospitals, industry, government and universities. How do you become a pharmacist? To be able to use the title of pharmacist in the UK, you must be registered with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Membership is granted to graduates with a degree in pharmacy from a UK university who have completed a year’s training at an approved establishment and passed a registration exam set by the Society. Training is usually arranged as either 12 months in a hospital or community pharmacy, but it can be done for 6 months in the pharmaceutical industry and 6 months in either hospital or community pharmacy. Pharmacy offers a variety of interesting careers. Pharmacists can work in a range of positions, with the possibility of flexible working across several of the sectors. Students taking a degree in pharmacy can feel confident that they are starting on a career in which there will always be a need for their services. Community pharmacy Three out of five pharmacists practise in community pharmacy. They will either own a pharmacy (‘chemist’s shop’) or be employed to manage and provide professional services within one. The duties of a community pharmacist involve supplying medicine for prescriptions, managing medicine for minor ailments of members of the public and giving advice on medicines. They also provide screening services and extra services to patients who are housebound. Many community pharmacists also provide a pharmaceutical service to nursing and care homes, involving medication reviews and advice on storage and administration of medicines. Some also work with general practitioners (GPs) on a sessional basis, for example, to develop more cost-effective prescribing and practice formularies. Hospital pharmacy Hospital pharmacists work on hospital wards or in outpatient clinics. Most hospital pharmacists specialise in a clinical area, such as paediatrics or intensive care, where they can work towards consultant status. Working as a hospital pharmacist, practitioners spend a lot of their time on wards with patients and other healthcare professionals as they work with doctors and nurses as part of a multidisciplinary patient-care team. Primary care Primary-care pharmacists work in GP practices. They do not provide a dispensing service, but work with GPs in developing practice formularies and more cost-effective and patient-centred prescribing. They are involved in a range of services, including drug use reviews, running clinics such as those for cholesterol monitoring, and reviewing the medication of patients on complex drug regimens. They normally have access to patients’ notes and medication profile. Pharmaceutical advisors Pharmaceutical advisors’ duties include analysing prescribing data at Primary care Trust (PCT) and GP-level, and development of prescribing policy and guidance to GPs on improving the cost-effectiveness of their prescribing. Many pharmaceutical advisors also advise PCTs on the development of community pharmacy services and on commissioning secondary care services where drug treatments are pivotal. Pharmaceutical industry As well as developing new drugs, the pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the production of existing drugs, ensuring that they are safe, effective and of the highest quality. Pharmacists are found in all areas of the industry. They use specialist knowledge and skills while keeping a broad view of drug treatment. The range of roles for pharmacists includes: Research Medical information Pharmacovigilance (monitoring product safety) Regulatory affairs (obtaining product licenses from health authorities) Medical writing Manufacturing and quality control Clinical trial supplies Sales National and international marketing General management Basic Organic Chemistry Foundation Biology * Foundation Mathematics * Academic Literacy * Foundation Physics * Social Pharmacy (1) Practical and Learning Skills Information Technology Laboratory Safety Core Tutorials Introduction to Hospital Pharmacy * Students take two of the four foundation courses, as advised by the Director of Undergraduate Studies Semester 2 Functional Group Chemistry Cellular Biology and Biochemistry Orientation to the Practice of Pharmacy Social Pharmacy (2) Physical Pharmacy Colloidal Dispersions Introductory Microbiology Core Tutorials Statistics Semester 3 Pharmaceutical Analysis Medicines Design 1 Social Pharmacy (3) Physiology 1 Microbiology Pathogenicity and Immunology Core Tutorials Semester 4 Social Pharmacy (4) Medicinal Chemistry Physiology 2 Forensic Science Core Tutorials Medicines Design 2 Drug Toxicity Semester 5 Pharmacology 1 Social Pharmacy (5) Management Extemporaneous Formulation Chemotherapy 1 Complementary Therapies/Phytopharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology Core Tutorials Disease Management (1A) Chemotherapy 2 Semester 6 Social Pharmacy (6) Pharmacology 2 Communication and the Appropriate Use of Medicines Law Relating to Pharmacy Drug Metabolism and Disposition Disease Management (1B) Rational Drug Design Physiological Biopharmaceutics Core Tutorials Semester 7 Disease Management (2) The Prescribing and Dispensing Process Law Relating to Pharmacy Social Pharmacy (7) Novel Drug Delivery Systems + Microbial Disease and Immunisation + Advanced Neuropharmacology + Pharmacokinetics - Dosage Regimen Design Semester 8 Molecular Toxicology + Cancer Biology and Therapy + Influences on Professional Practice + Production and Characterisation of Clinically and Commercially Important Drugs Disease Management (3) Pharmaceutical Care Essay ** Drug Development Workshop ** Prescribing ** At Hi-School Pharmacy, we care about you. That is why we we offer special services and promotions that you cannot get at any other drug store. We are locally owned and operated and care about our community. From online contests, special health screenings and more, we care about you. Here are some of the events we currently will be involved with. Click the picture for more details about the event. Maxor National Pharmacy Services Corporation is an employee-driven pharmacy and healthcare organization with a diverse offering of services, including our prescription benefit management service, MaxorPlus, to our array of integrated pharmacy services such as Maxor Pharmacy Consulting Services. Our employees, headquartered in Amarillo, Texas, provide award-winning service to our customers nationwide. Members returning to our Web site can refill prescriptions, find a nearby pharmacy and get answers to common questions. Maxor provides pharmacy services with you in mind, and we look forward to serving you. Maxor Pharmacy Management Services Maxor manages inpatient, outpatient and retail pharmacies by: Developing short and long-term strategic plans for financial performance improvement Providing on-site pharmacy operations management Providing Maxor pharmacy software solutions customized to your organization's needs Actively participating in Pharmacy and Therapeutics committees We improve utilization and cost management by: Implementing pharmacy management software solutions and data gathering tools Electronically monitoring, auditing and reconciling drug purchases Establishing cost and utilization benchmarks Identifying drug cost reduction opportunities Employing cost reduction strategies Online pharmacy is a unique concept where one can purchase medicines and pharmacy related products through web. Ideally an online pharmacy should present a wide selection of medicines, and all of them should be available to a customer in 24x7 quantum. Also one does not need to wait for doctors for purchasing the same. There is no need to produce any kind of prescription except one need to fill up a medical questionnaire. An online pharmacy has a panel of licensed physicians who shall review an order and issue a prescription. Then the licensed pharmacies dispense off with the medicines. A competent logistics company delivers the products at the location, which a customer desires. Online pharmacy is an interesting platform that has emerged with the popularity of e-commerce where one can purchase medicines and health products with the help of web. In truest sense online pharmacies should have wide array medicines, and all of them should be available to a customer at any point of time. Rather to be precise it should function in 24x7 quantum. So what are you waiting for? Start enjoying the convenience of ordering drugs and pharmacy related products from your office or home absolutely at your own convenience. There is a probability that people might raise their eyebrows when someone talks about a Mexican pharmacy. There are certain steps which one should follow while purchasing drugs from a Mexican pharmacy. Ideally one should first call his or her U.S. doctor to ask permission to purchase Mexican medicines. If the answer is an emphatic "NO!" then it is important to reconsider the effort. For example, some of the heart rhythm drugs are so sensitive that different brand names of the same chemical substance in the same dosage might react differently in the same person. On the other hand, if the ailment is not extremely sensitive such as drugs required for curing arthritis, antibiotics or asthma inhalants, one can join the 'Aware Consumer' bandwagon and go ahead for purchasing drugs from a Mexican pharmacy. There are certain other steps that one should follow while purchasing drugs from a Mexican pharmacy. If a patient decides to buy prescription drugs in Mexico then it is advisable that he or she should ask his U.S. based pharmacist to provide him or her with a small brochure called 'package insert' that which is normally attached to all bottles of U.S. wholesale medicines. This insert has exactly the same data and information that's listed in a huge reference book called Physician's Desk Reference (or PDR). The package insert contains an enormous amount of information about the medicine, its generic name, dosage formulations etc. When the same (i.e. PDR) is handed to a counter person in a Mexican pharmacy, they can cross reference the names and dosages, and provide a sample for the patient's approval. The counter person is experienced in identifying generic names and equivalences. That`s the highest level of expertise that one can expect out of them. It is advisable that a customer consults his or her U.S. based physician if he or she has the slightest doubt about the product. Also, it is important for the customer not to rely on the advice of the person behind the counter. Unlike their U.S. counterparts, they have no medical training! They are absolute salesman. As because Prescription drugs are regulated in the United States they are so powerful. They can be pose to be a peril if used improperly or paired with an incorrect, conflicting drug. Pharmacies are retail establishment where prescription medications as well as health related products are available. They are also known as a Chemist or Druggist. In order to run a pharmacy one has to procure drug license from the competent authority. Otherwise the operation of the pharmacy is termed as "illegal". The people who work in pharmacies are known as pharmacist. They should ideally be trained professionals who should know the pros and cons of medication and allied health business. Various Universities and institutions offer bachelors degree in pharmacy. A pharmacist ideally should be a holder of the said degree. Some or all of the following products are normally available at pharmacies. Like, Baby, child and skin care, Vitamins and supplements, personal care and bath materials. Products, which are related to sexual health like condoms, female contraceptives, sanitary napkins, Viagra, lubricants, sexual enhancers etc. are also normally available at pharmacies. With the influx of competition pharmacies are also selling various other health related products apart from medicines for example soaps, facial cleansers, deodorants, facial moisturizers, hair and foot care items, hosieries etc. Some pharmacies also has diabetes and cholesterol information centers too. Online Canadian pharmacy stores are increasingly becoming popular in the US. This is because a Canadian pharmacy sells online medications at cheaper prices. There are some drugs, which are sold both in Canada as well as in The United States of America. The same pharmaceutical company, with the same brand names and same packaging, may manufacture those drugs. In general, majority of the drugs that are sold in Canada are identical to the ones that are sold in The United States of America. When an American buyer orders medications from an online Canadian pharmacy he pays less than what an US based online store charges him. When a pharmaceutical company develops a new drug, they immediately go for patenting it giving an appropriate brand name. When the duration of that patent expires, other pharmaceutical companies may manufacture the same drug and sell it under their own banner name. These so called copied drugs are known as "generic" drugs. Like all other business when a number of companies produce the same product, competition develops and as a result the price goes down. This is the greatest advantage of a Canadian pharmacy. Yes, a Canadian pharmacy sells drugs at lower and more affordable price. Conversely, when a company holds a patent on a drug, there is a sort of monopoly that prevails for the company on the product. As a result the company can charge much higher prices for the drug. And as a customer we always land up paying more for the same. There is also an interesting feature aspect, which one should consider while comparing between the pharmacies of two countries. The value of the Canadian Dollar in relation to the U.S. Dollar plays a major role in the price difference between United States and Canada. For each U.S. dollar one exchanges in Canada, he or she receives approximately $1.50 in Canadian currency. Pharmacy is the profession that is associated with compounding and dispensing off with the required medication. Nowadays, the term includes other services which are related to patient care like clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. In fact some of these new roles are largely governed by a number of laws in various legislatures. The symbol that is most commonly associated with pharmacy is "mortar and pestle". Also Bowl of Hygeia, conical measures, green Greek cross,Gaper and caduceuses are some of the other symbols that pharmacy organisations often uses in their logos. The field of pharmacy can be divided into three main disciplines, namely: * Pharmaceutics * Pharmaceutical chemistry (In fact it is often referred as "medicianal chemistry") * Pharmacy practice There is no distinct boundaries between the aforesaid disciplines with other sciences, such as biochemistry.In fact it is frequently seen that people from various disciplines are researching together.Then there is Pharmacology which in fact is often considered as a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Pharmacology is required to the study of pharmacy in a generic way.Pharmacists are skilled healthcare professionals and often small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice, who works to ensure optimal health outcomes Best online pharmacies have certain characteristics. Online pharmacies have evolved strongly with the increasing popularity of e-commerce. Best online pharmacies should have a wide range of medicines, and all of them should be available to a customer in 24x7 quantum. A customer can order health and medication related products at a time, which suits his or her own convenience and that too from the comfort of his or her home. Best online pharmacies facilitate doorstep delivery of medicines. A competent logistics company is employed to deliver the same at a location, which a customer desires. Also Best online pharmacies do not compromise with security issue of a customer. Even the credit card payments (a wide range of credit cards are normally accepted by best online pharmacies) that they receive from the customers are processed by a safe and secure transaction server. Online pharmacies, if they want to be the very best in the market should adhere to the following parameters: * Prices-It should be on the lower side. * There should not be any kind of hidden costs. * Product quality---Nothing less than superior * It should be highly reliable. Reliabity in terms builds up trusts an d facilitates to get on going customers. * Speed of delivery---Absolutely should be within the turn around time. * Faster processing of orders. * There should methods and practices in place pertaining to customer service and subsequent follow up * Integrity and security of site. There should not be any cyber fraud. * Discrete billing and delivery * The establishment should be highly committed to Anti SPAM activity. Best Online pharmacies are normally classified into two categories namely "Brand Name Pharmacies" and "Generic Name Pharmacies". Some of the important brand name pharmacies are Viamedic, IntegraRX, USOnlineRx, NewPharm, Direct Pharmacy, Brand Pills, and European Pharmacy etc. Some of the important generic name pharmacies are Budget Medicines, Rx Mex, GenericPharmacy, RxPillsMD, Quality Generics, AllPills net, XLPharmacy etc. CanadaDrugs.comTM is Canada's largest International Prescription Service ("Internet") Pharmacy. Since opening in April of 2001, Canada DrugsTM has earned many pharmacy accreditations and become one of the most trusted Canadian discount pharmacies on the Internet. With over 250 full time staff, and over 3,000 prescriptions filled every day and shipped safely to patients internationally. You can trust us with your prescription drug purchase. Canada DrugsTM is located at: 24 Terracon Place, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R2J 4G7. [full contact information] CanadaDrugs.comTM is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association: License # 32195. Canada DrugsTM is a Canadian pharmacy of choice for purchasing your discount prescription drugs and medication. At Canada DrugsTM, buying from an online Canadian pharmacy has never been easier. You can order prescription drugs and medication from Canada DrugsTM at discount prices by supplying a valid, prescription from a licensed physician. Our international online pharmacy also offers convenient prescription refills. At Canada DrugsTM, we maintain the highest standards in patient safety of any Canadian online pharmacy. We believe access to essential prescription drugs should be safe, convenient, and affordable for all. Canada DrugsTM is proud to be the first Canadian pharmacy to receive accreditation from IMPAC (Internet and Mailorder Pharmacy Accreditation Commission). Canada DrugsTM is also a certified member of the Canadian Internet Pharmacy Association (CIPA), the Better Business Bureau (BBB), VeriSign and is a 5 star rated pharmacy from Pharmacy Checker.com. As a premiere Canadian Internet-based and mail order pharmacy, Canada DrugsTM pharmacy is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association to distribute prescription medication. Pharmacy discount sales are increasingly becoming popular. For people with average income, paying hefty prices for medication poses tremendous financial pressure. With pharmacy discount programs common people now have the option to pay less for OTC and Prescription drugs. Studies indicate that a common American is now ready to go to a Canadian or Mexican online pharmacy if they have a pharmacy discount offer running! If you are tired of paying huge medication bills, it is time to opt for pharmacy discount offers. A search on the net would help you to locate the discount pharmacies. Online pharmacy discount offers help you save money if you buy your medications online. To avail yourself of an attractive pharmacy discount sale you need to search for the online discount pharmacies. An online pharmacy discount offer can save up to 75% of your medications bills. And not only that, there are reputable pharmacies online that offer free shipping, doorstep delivery, attractive refill packages and many other sweet deals you would love to grab as a consumer. Many big online pharmacy stores offer pharmacy discount cards or special refill discounts for regular customers. They want to 'reward' their regular clients with special discounts. You can save money if you purchase medications from such stores. Online pharmacies are becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Availability of free shipping, discount prices, and 24/7 customer services are some of the main factors that propel the buyers to an online pharmacy. Discount is the most important factor that tempting the US medications buyers go online as medicines are very expensive when bought from traditional shops. There are certain legal parameters, which a Pharmacy Online follows, and tries to abide by while doing business transaction with a client. The intention to write this article is to provide the readers an insight of the same. When a customer places an order through Pharmacy Online, he or she legally affirms that: * They do not have any kind of allergies, sensitivities or intolerance to any of the products that are ordered * They do not have any known medical conditions predisposing to adverse reactions to any products ordered * They are not taking any parallel medication course with which the products ordered are likely to clash. * For ordering prescription items a customer has to confirm that they have received the required guidance from a physician about the indications, actions and side effects of any medications they have been prescribed. This should also, include the likely results of not taking the medication * For non-prescription items: the customer has to shoulder all responsibility for any adverse outcomes which might occur as a result of using the product(s) that they have ordered The Pharmacy Online also does not accept any responsibility for any kind of medical eventualities after a client uses online consulting service. Pharmacies are retail establishment where prescription medications as well as health related products are available. They are also known as a Chemist or Druggist. In order to run a pharmacy one has to procure drug license from the competent authority. Otherwise the operation of the pharmacy is termed as "illegal". The people who work in pharmacies are known as pharmacist. They should ideally be trained professionals who should know the pros and cons of medication and allied health business. Various Universities and institutions offer bachelors degree in pharmacy. A pharmacist ideally should be a holder of the said degree. Some or all of the following products are normally available at pharmacies. Like, Baby, child and skin care, Vitamins and supplements, personal care and bath materials. Products, which are related to sexual health like condoms, female contraceptives, sanitary napkins, Viagra, lubricants